Standards of Mgss

STANDARDS FOR THE MDGs I TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover PageI Table of ContentsII BodyIII ReferencesIV II THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS What are MDGs? Following the adoption of the United Nations Millenium Declaration, the Millenium Development Goals was established in 2000. Because of its extensive goals, the MDGs are being assisted by government organizations in trying to achieve those goals, among them are the following: the United Nations Millenium Campaign, the Millenium Promise Alliance Inc. the Global Poverty Project, the Micah Challenge, the Youth in Action EU Programme, â€Å"Cartoons in Action† video project, and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project. The main goal of the MDGs is to effect development by improving social and economic conditions in the world’s poorest countries. These are derived from earlier international development targets, which were officially established after the Millenium Summit in 2000, where the United Nations Millenium Declaration was adopted.These MDGs were developed from the eight chapters of Millennium Declaration, which was signed in September, 2000. The effect was that developing nations were not seen as left to achieve the MDG goals by themselves, but rather as a partner in the developing-developed compact to reduce world poverty. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable health indicators and economic indicators for each target. However, there are still drawbacks in the MDGs which includes shortsightedness where analytical power is concerned and the justification behind the chosen objectives.Because of the joint responsibility of developing and developed countries for achieving the MDGs, the possibility of it becoming a success continuously increases and is still reinforced by their 189-country support. At present, there is no uniformity as far as progress towards reaching the goals is concerned. The goal of empowering women has progressed towards the MDGs, and there is a strong enc ouragement to increase emphasis on gended mainstreaming debelopment policies and collecting data based on gender.As a result, a major conference was held at the UN headquarters in New York on 20-22 September 2010 to review progress, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. There were new commitments on women’s and children’s health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. It is obvious that developed countries continuously provide aid for the achievement of the MDGs which have been rising over the recent years, and has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries.The Australian government itself committed to providing 0. 5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015-2016. One of the improvements provided by the MDGs is the provision of more health services to the developing countries. Researchers suggest that developed countries should treat global health inequalities and humanitari an issue being a part of national strategy. During the 2010 Summit, member states initiated steps towards advancing the Post-2015 Development Agenda and are now developing a process of open, inclusive consultations on the post-2015 agenda.Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon appointed 26 civil society, private sector, and government leaders from all regions to a high-level panel to advise on the global development agenda beyond 2015. An organization which aims to increase support to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and seek coalition for partners of action is the role of the United Nations Millennium Campaign. UN Goals is dedicated to spreading knowledge of the millennium goals through many different means by means of various internet and offline awareness campaigns. Ethical Bases for the Establishment of MDGsThe Following are the eight goals of the MDGs: * Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; * Achieve universal primary education; * Promote gender equality and empower women; * Re duce child mortality; * Improve maternal health; * Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; * Ensure environmental sustainability; and * Develop a global partnership for development UNDP assists people at all levels of society in helping to build nations that can withstand crisis, and work for, and sustain the kind of growth for the improvement of the quality of life for everyone.The focus is to help countries to build and share solutions to achieve Poverty Reduction and the Millenium Development Goals, Democratic governance, Crisis Prevention and Recovery, Environment and Energy for Sustainable Development. In Uruguay for example, an extensive children’s health program has reduced rates of malnutrition, prematurity, low birth weight and other markers in the department of Canelones. In Darfur, Sudan, a rule-of-law programme is helping promote and improve equal access to justice. In China, farmers are being trained to adapt farming techniques to international trading stand ard, providing them with greater profits.In Brazil, eco-stoves that retain heat longer and are easier to oversee, provide indigenous people to lead healthier lives. According to the 2013 Human Development Report, there is a profound shift in global dynamics driven by the fast-rising new powers of the developing world and its long-term implications for human development. UNDP can be felt in more than 170 countries and territories and decades of concrete development experience in countries ranging from fragile States to middle-income countries like Brazil and Indonesia.These and other developments qualify the MDGs to answer the call for a better and more sustainable future. * Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger There is always the realization that in the midst of our comfort zones, the stark reality exists where in some parts of the world, people are living in extreme poverty. Much to the desire of those who have more, like the developed countries, still, it lowers the morale to see this extreme poverty manifested in different forms, like the number of displaced refugees that remain high, despite the repatriation in 2011. Achieve Universal Primary Education We cannot do away with the reality that young adolescents from poor and rural households are more likely to be out of school. Everyone has that moral obligation to solve the problem of others, even if we think they can also be capable of helping themselves. * Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women We know that there are already women representations in the governments of nations but it is a fact that the pace is slow. This MDG effort aims to answer the ethical question of gender equality. Reduce child Mortality Every child has a right to be born, nurtured and nourished until maturity. However, the fact remains that in some parts of the world, the rate of child mortality is alarmingly high. We are compelled to do our best to address this problem through the ethical basis of concern. We do exist not only fo r ourselves but for the less fortunate others as well. * Improve Maternal Health Women are the strength of society. Their health are most important so much so that they are the determinants of the rise and fall of any society.Their roles as mothers entail that they should be in their best of health. Thus, an ethical calling for maternal concern is likewise being answere by the MDGs. * Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases Universal concern suggests that humans should continue to sustain on earth. Thus, there is a need to improve advancements in medicine, health and technology. This is not a matter of ordinary necessity, but one of humanitarian consideration that should be inherent in each one of us. * Ensure Environmental SustainabilityThis is likewise another moral obligation that needs regular attention. * Develop a Global Partnership for Development Efforts to sustain development is not the job of a single organization. People of all ages from all walks of life must unders tand they should treat themselves as stewards of wealth and nature and thus, it is pertinent that each person must regard mimself or herself as a contributing partner to the goals of the MDG. REFERENCES * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg3/ * http://www. undp. rg/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg2/ * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg1/ * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview. html * Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved 16 June 2009. * http://www. oecd. org/dac/theoecdandthemillenniumdevelopmentgoals. htm * MDGs†. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-10-14. â€Å"Welcome to the Development Education online Depository! â€Å". Developmenteducation. nfo. * Subramanian, Savitha; Joseph Naimoli, Toru Matsubayashi, David Peters (2011). â€Å"Do We Have the Right Models for Scalingà ‚   Up Health Services to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? â€Å". BMC Health Services Research  11  (336). *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Goal  :: Improve Maternal Health†. Mdg Monitor. 2012-10-18. * â€Å"United Nations Millennium Development Goals†. Un. org. 2008-05-20. 2012-10-18 * â€Å"Goal  :: Develop a Global Partnership for Development†. Mdg Monitor. 2012-10-18 * â€Å"Goal: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals†. MDG Monitor. 1 November 2007. 2012-10-14. IV

Answers to questions on the spread and control of diseases

Answers to questions on the spread and control of diseases List and discuss briefly major public health strategies for communicable disease control. Choose five communicable diseases and discuss what public health strategies will be appropriate in each case. Major Public Health Strategies for Communicable Disease Control The main public health strategies to control communicable diseases include all measures designed to prevent or reduce the incidence, prevalence and consequences of disease (WHO 1984). These measures are included in primary health care and involve participation of community, support from different government, public and private sectors and coordination between these sectors (WHO 1978). The control measures are directed against reservoir or sounce of infection, the root of transmission and susceptible host ( people at risk). i) Controlling Reservoir of Infection. It includes early diagnosis or detection of cases or carriers, notification of disease, isolation, treatment and quarantine. ii) Interrupting Transmission of Disease . This is done by interrupting direct transmission and indirect transmission of infective agent from patient and carrier to susceptible host by changing some part of man’s environment. The public health strategies to achieve this includes clean water supply, improving sanitation, proper cooking and refrigeration, improving personal hygiene, controlling vectors and proper handling of secretions and excretions of humans and animals. iii) Protection of Susceptible Host or Patient at Risk This includes active immunization, passive immunization, combination of active and passive immunization and prophylaxis by drugs. iv) Other measures that have interrupted transmission of many diseases in developed countries include legislation for integrated and effective public health programs, improved quality of life and better education. Surveillance follows control measures. Five Communicable Diseases and Public Health Strategies to Control them 1-Chickenpox is acute highly infectious disea se caused by varicella zooster virus (VZV) usually in children. It spreads by airborne particles and direct contact. The control strategies are notification, isolation of cases for six days after the rash appears, disinfection of articles soiled with secretion from nose, mouth and skin and using gloves and face mask while attending patient. Antiviral drugs are effective if used in first 24 hours of appearance of skin rash. Human varicella zoster immunoglobulin is given to contacts and immunocompromrised. A live attenuated vaccine is available and used in US and some other countries for children at one year of age. 2-Measles is acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a myxovirus. The control strategies include routine vaccine coverage of all children at 9 months and 4 years of age using live attenuated vaccine. Catch up vaccination is done for children who miss out. Successive generations of children are vaccinated. Isolation in initial stages of incubation period and disinfection of articles can help control spread. Notification to local health authorities, epidemiological investigation and health education are also necessary. 3-Diphtheria is caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae and affects upper respiratory tract. Control includes early detection of cases and carriers, notification, isolation in the hospital, and treatment of cases by diphtheria anti-toxin and carriers by erythromycin. Contacts are given booster dose of anti-toxin if they have not received in last two years and surveillance of close contacts is done for several weeks after exposure. On community bases the effective control is achieved by active immunization of diphtheria vaccine at age of six weeks, ten weeks, fourteen weeks, and booster doses sixteen to twenty-four months and five years.

Pros and Cons about global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Pros and Cons about global warming - Essay Example is a reality that some countries are affected by extreme climatic conditions such as frequent droughts, floods as well as hurricanes while the resources to combat these impacts are limited. Against this background, I was fascinated to choose this topic for my research paper from the understanding that the activities of human beings are the greatest contributors to global warming since my father is currently running a chemical trading business in South Korea. It is a company that specializes in the trading of environment-friendly chemical products. What also fascinated me were its innovative environmental systems, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from the chimneys and roofs of factories, houses and buildings. Therefore, global warming and keeping the earth clean has always been an interesting topic for me to research in a bid to learn more about the real problem associated with global warming and how can it seriously i mpact on human life. The issues of climate change have become topical in many societies, but there is need to generate more knowledge about the effects of global warming and what to do about the causes of global warming. Global warming and climate change are world wide issues related to our environment that cannot be easily or quickly ignored anymore. In February 2007, the United Nations released a scientific report that concludes that global warming is happening and will continue to happen for centuries. The report also stated with 90% certainty that the activity of humans has been the primary cause of increasing temperatures over the past few decades (United Nations 2007). The relationship between human civilization and the earth has often been seen as catastrophic where the activities of men are colliding with the planet’s ecological system resulting in extreme changes particularly in the climate. Gore (2006) states that, â€Å"In every corner of the globe- on land and in

American Railroad or Baseball Americas sport Essay

American Railroad or Baseball Americas sport - Essay Example Goods could be shipped across long distances at a fraction of the cost and messages could be sent across country in a fraction of the time. The purpose of the present research is to discover how the advent of the railroad affected the daily lives of Americans, particularly in the American west. While the general impression has always been that the railroads did little more than destroy those who came to work on them, this investigation attempts to prove that for all the harm it caused, the railroad also created many new opportunities for minority groups seeking new beginnings in the modern world. By examining the words these individuals left behind and the effects that the railroad was having in a more general sense upon the landscape, economy and way of life of the average person, particularly within the less settled and less civilized lifestyles of the west, a better understanding can be obtained regarding the positive and negative aspects of the advent of the modern world upon the se open and wild places, uniting a country and expanding Americans’ worldview while changing the nature of possibilities once available in this rugged land. The railroad introduced significant changes to the previously wild and unknown western portions of the country. While there were already many individuals living out in the empty prairies, it remained a difficult and precarious lifestyle, frequently isolating individuals from families back east thanks to a slow and costly communications system and the difficulties and distances to be traveled. For this reason, change occurred relatively slowly within the western half of the nation except in those areas more easily accessible by boat. As the railroads were built, however, change was forced upon the land. Industries changed as the landscape was divided up into manageable parcels, economies shifted as efficiency replaced older traditional methods of business and

Social Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Security - Essay Example Social Contract (representative governance) This describes a model that typically shows cases and questions the origin of the society and the capability of the authority in place of a State over an individual (â€Å"The Social Contract†). â€Å"Man was born free and he is everywhere in chains†. Jean Jacques Rousseau, was the greatest theorists in the areas of social contract and natural rights. According to the belief of Rousseau, freedom was the best method to be used so as to self-maintain an individual. He tried to understand the freedom a person has and why they would subject themselves to the rule of a government rather than their own (â€Å"The Social Contract†). When related to social security, Social contract can form a basis where individuals of a state have a legal right to have access to their pension plans and are subjected to have an equal share of their stipulated benefits. The State despite being the governing body should have the capability to give those dependent on the plan their due right. As related to what Jean Jacques Rousseau states, â€Å"Man was born free and he is everywhere in chains† ( â€Å"The Social Contract†). b) Classical Liberalism (natural rights) This can be described as a political belief where the aim is securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the state. Classic Liberalism in an economic factor can be related to respecting private property and free markets. Classical Liberalism should not be confused with democracy or American liberalism since an individual can be a liberal and not a democrat and socialism is slightly related to socialism (â€Å"Glossary of historical terms: Classical Liberalism†, 2003) Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men,

See the upload Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

See the upload - Essay Example In case these aspects are lacking, management education and management will have a very thin chance of surviving in society. When someone thinks of management, he or she should view it as both public and private work that is necessary for the sustenance of society thus considered as public matter. Management is related to the public and private works, which motivates students to work hard to become future managers and incorporate these ideas in their organizational life. This kind of thinking will influence students to understand the real meaning of corporate citizenship. Corporate citizenship is the situation whereby the organization is applying management to public work. Global corporate citizenship is governed by the idea of public work and practically applicable to managers and educators. When globalization and information technology integrate, leads to success of the business. The idea of global corporate citizenship in management brings unity among people with problems in society and organizations come up with solutions through application of contemporary management skills and knowledge. The distinction of private work from public is dangerous and disastrous since it deprives people from sharing ideas thus undermining social fabric. It is important to understand the con nection between public and private works. Life and work are part of human daily activities but when viewed from an organizational perspective, organizations seem to distinguish work from life. In some situations when life is used incorporate families and community, separation and specialization facilitate effectiveness at high social costs. Public work are the main foundation of the community’s’ capital since it starts where people are working together in every day environment. In addition, this public work brings the importance of civic purposes among people thus enabling

SARS Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SARS Disease - Essay Example During that period, he unwittingly infected others that in turn caused a series of SARS outbreaks in Toronto, Canada and other areas around the world. The transmission of the disease has been quick owing to the little immunity of people to the newly emerged corona virus. Moreover, it is seen to be most efficient in a health care setting, affecting the health care workers, patients and family members of infected individuals. The high infection rates among the health care workers have illustrated lack or failure to comply with the Infection Control (IC) measures leading to large-scale outbreaks (Shaw, 2006). The global spread of this epidemic has also demonstrated the challenge of battling infectious diseases in a globalized world. The forces of globalization-including rapid growth in international trade and travel have amplified their spread and impact ((Hoffmann, 2003) The sudden emergence and the rapid global widespread of this new infectious disease, which defies conventional therapies, poses a great threat to the public health and underscores an urgent need to develop robust strategies to prevent, monitor and contain the disease outbreak. Based on the Koch's postulates, SARS-Co V, the causative agent of SARS disease, was determined to be a novel member of the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and genus Coronavirus. It is a large, enveloped positive sense- single stranded RNA virus featuring a large genome of 29.7 Kb (Youjun, 2007). As with other coronaviruses, SARS-Co V can be identified on electron microscopy by the presence of a corona of large, distinctive spikes in the envelope (Thomas, 2003). Genomic annotations have revealed that it consists of about 14 functional open reading frames (ORFs). They encode for three classes of proteins: I) Two large polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), which are cleaved into 16 non-structural proteins, essential for viral RNA synthesis, II) Four structural proteins- surface (S), envelope (E), matrix (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, vital for viral assembly, and III) Eight accessory proteins, which confer a selective advantage in an infected host cell. The initial binding of the viral envelope and the host cell membrane is mediated by surface protein (S) (Satija, 2007). With only 50-60 % nucleotide sequence identity of the SARS- Co V with other known coronaviruses, it is a previously unknown Coronavirus, probably from a non-human host that somehow acquired the ability to infect humans. Various studies have indicated that SARS-Co V spilled over from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of the virus to non-reservoir species (Thomas, 2003). The majority of infections occurred in close contacts of patients indicating that the transmission of the virus was by droplets or by direct and indirect contact. Epidemiological studies have shown that SARS is moderately rather than highly transmissible. However, in some instances, the so-called "super spreader" patients transmitted the virus to a large number of individuals. The outbreak of the infectious disease has been mainly attributed to these super spreaders and nosocomial amplification. The typical incubation period for the disease ranged from four to six days and the