How Do I Love Thee Essays - 866 Words

Whitney Perez April 11, 2013 AP English Roben Poetry Quarter 3 Response Essay In both poems, How Do I Love Thee and The Definition of Love Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Andrew Marvell use figurative language, imagery, diction and tone to depict love as a feeling and less on the object of love. Browning believes that love doesnt have boundaries, physical nor spiritual. However Marvell believes love and fate are an opposing force always battling. In this sonnet by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, love is everything and the poet tries to list the different types of love that she feels, and it becomes a new way of expressing her affection for thee. In line 1of the sonnet Browning begins by stating a question that the†¦show more content†¦The comparison of her love to her faith shows that she is dedicated and devoted to both, and that her love is not necessarily seen but it is felt. â€Å"The Definition of Love† by Andrew Marvell is about being in love with the idea of love but not being in love with the person. When he says â€Å"My Love† in the first stanza, he doesnt mean the woman he is in love with but Love itself. He starts by setting up his love as an impossible one, saying it was begotten â€Å"upon impossibility†. In stanza two he uses an oxymoron by saying, â€Å"Magnanimous Despair† and â€Å"feeble Hope†. Magnanimous means generous, however why would despair be generous and hope be feeble. In the third and fourth stanza Marvell mentions Fate. Fate has seen how perfect they are for each other but doesn’t let it happen. Marvell says it would be â€Å"her ruin† for them to be together. By that he implies that love is stronger than anything and when achieved â€Å"tyrannic† Fate could end itself. He couldn’t achieve it and is therefore left heart broken and weak. Marvell compared Fate to â€Å"iron† and â€Å"steel†. He uses those words to show how strong and immobile Fate is. Marvell gives us a glimpse of how he feels about love in the fifth stanza whe n he compares the lovers to the Earths â€Å"poles†. The term â€Å"poles† is used as a form of distance and separation. Towards the end Marvell again highlights the fact that Fate interferes with their love because it keeps pulling them apart.Show MoreRelatedHow Do I Love Thee?839 Words   |  4 PagesLove is an emotion that everyone experiences in their life. Either a low for something or for someone. People express their love differently. The two poems, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† by C. Marlowe, each talk about their love for their special someone. The poem â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† is about a woman expressing her love for a man, and how she will continue to love him even after death. The poem â€Å"The Shepherd to His Love† is of a manRead MoreHow Do I Love Thee1065 Words   |  5 PagesEssay: How Do I Love Thee Elizabeth Barrett Browning asks, â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.† (439). There are innumerable ways you are able to love to another individual. Each line of the poem answers her original question, and then goes on to prove (with evidence) that her love is indeed real. Browning describes and expresses her distinct feelings very literally about the one she loves in this poem. She explains love by listing and describing many of the ways that she knows how to loveRead MoreAnalysis Of How Do I Love Thee? Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages The Concept of Love in Poetry Overtime For this essay I chose to analyze the theme of the concept of love in poetry overtime in three different poems. The poems I chose are, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, â€Å"General Review of the Sex Situation† by Dorothy Parker, and William Shakespeare’s â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun†. The three poems are set in different times, which shows how the concept of love has changed overtime. Love is an unexplainable feeling ofRead MoreHow Do I Love Thee and A Dream 968 Words   |  4 Pagesoverflow of powerful feelings.† Poems such as A Dream, by Edgar Allan Poe, and How do I love thee, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, are perfect examples of good poetry, they have very different views of the same subject, which give a powerful effect on the reader. The poem, How do I love thee, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, is about how she loves her beloved and tries to list the different ways in which she loves him. Her love seems to be eternal and to exist everywhere, and she intends to continueRead MoreSonnet 43 : How Do I Love Thee804 Words   |  4 PagesHeidi Fish Mrs. Holthaus Advanced Comp. 6 October 2017 Sonnet 43: How Do I Love Thee? â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† is just one of the many love poems that Elizabeth Browning had written in her lifetime. It expresses the unconditional love she has for her husband by listing the many ways she loves thee. Browning lists these ways by using a sonnet layout, many metaphors, and daily situations. There are many different poetry forms, one being a sonnet. It originates from the Italian word ‘sonetto’, whichRead MoreCritical Essay on How Do I Love Thee?3017 Words   |  13 PagesWhat is love? Love knows no reasons. Love knows no lies. Love defies all reasons. Love has no eyes. Love is not blind; it sees but it doesnt mind. Love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation. Love is so easy to feel, so hard to explain; easy to get, so hard to let go; easy to spell, so hard to define. Love is an emotion that consists of three components; intimacy, passion and commitment, it is an emotional and physical feeling which takes over your whole state of mind and how you feelRead MoreHow Do I Love Thee Poem Analysis Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish Comp. II 28 March 2011 Poem Analysis In How do I love thee by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. I believe that the person talking is professing about a kind of love that can stand the test of time. You know that kind of love. Every day and moment is cherished by both. Each person knows almost everything about each other and they have been together for what would seem like forever. It is very rare these days to see a younger generation finding that love. And in a way it is understandable with all theRead More Elizabeth Barrett Brownings How Do I love thee? Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Brownings How Do I love thee? This poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is one of many she penned for her husband Robert Browning. Using the basic form of an Italian sonnet with its fourteen lines and strict rhyme scheme - she manages to produce a surprisingly passionate poem. The poet begins with the question, How do I love thee?-and it is this which sets the mood of the sonnet, as she tries to quantify, and articulate the depth of her feelings towards her husbandRead More How Do I Love Thee? Let me Count the Ways by Elizabeth Barrett Browning1173 Words   |  5 PagesA flame of passion is contained within the heart, yet is love contained in a mere flame of passion? This timeless saying embodies the ultimate declaration of love written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. â€Å"How Do I Love Thee? Let me Count the Ways† is a poem bathed in rhyme and inundated in sentimental avowals. This sonnet shows the perpetual love that Browning shares with her husband and how that love can never be destroyed by any power of human or spiritual nature (Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s: SonnetRead MoreHow Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways `` By Elizabeth Barrett Browning989 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning has a clear theme which can be found in the final six lines: true love can overcome anything and is forever in nat ure. This love poem is a sonnet written in iambic pentameter. Although it does not have a rhyme scheme of that of an Italian sonnet, it does follow the structure. Browning uses repetition, rhyme, and imagery in order to express her love and affection. Browning chooses to value quality over quantity to show her

Regional Trade Arrangements Of Africa And Their Motives Essay

2. Regional Trade Arrangements in Africa and Their Motives Regionalism has become one of the buzz words in international trade diplomacy nowadays. There is almost no country in the world which does not have membership in one or two regional economic integrations, and the coverage and scope of these arrangements have grown more than ever before. Different authors have used different approaches to define the concept of regional integration. Therefore, it is important to discuss the definitions of economic integration according to the most prominent authors in the field of regional integration before taking on the theoretical and empirical literatures of the concept. One of the widely accepted definitions of economic integration is that of Balassa (1961), which is defined as â€Å"the abolition of discrimination within an area†. Another very important definition of economic integration relevant to developing countries is that of Kahnert, P. Richards, Stoutjesdijk, and Thomopoulos (1969). According to these authors, economic integration is â€Å"the process of progressive removal of trade discriminations which occur at national borders†. Furthermore, Machlup (1977) defines economic integration as a process of merging separate economies into a larger economic region with the objective of realizing the efficient utilization of all potential opportunities of the division of labor. From the above definitions, it can be inferred that all the definitions spin around one central point; andShow MoreRelatedThe Direction Of Bilateral Trade Flows Across Countries Or Regional Economic Blocs Essay2172 Words   |  9 Pages4.2. Conclusion This study has indicated that there are some differences as to what determines the direction of bilateral trade flows across countries or regional economic blocs. The motives behind the formation of such arrangements disparate from region to region hence, there are differing arguments that explain the rationale for their set up. Developing countries’ regional blocs in general, African ones in particular, are often criticized for being politically oriented and this view has been partiallyRead MoreImpact of Globalization on the World Tourism 1155 Words   |  5 Pagesto visit any part of the world he/she can be there with in no time. The countries have progressed in terms of infrastructure, technology, transportation and communication. The policies which allow global trade have enabled businesses to use the natural resources from any part of the world. Trade has also been successful in bringing together different people and cultures. Until the beginning of 21st century, the effect of globalization was not visible to the economies in the world. As globalizationRead More Economic Networking—Exploring Alternatives for Promoting Sustainable Development in Africa2914 Words   |  12 PagesEconomic Networking—Exploring Alternatives for Promoting Sustainable Development in Africa INTRODUCTION The history of European aid intervention in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states has traditionally acted to reinforce the hierarchical distinction between the â€Å"developed† and the â€Å"developing† world. The series of Lome Conventions which granted preferential trade agreements between these groups of countries have proved ineffective in encouraging economic sustainability in the ACPRead MoreRegional Integration : Advantages And Disadvantages3234 Words   |  13 PagesThe aim of this essay is to critically analyse regional integration, demonstrating advantages, disadvantages and the effect it has on member states involved. Furthermore this essay will explain FTAs in further detail with examples. Nontraditional gains from regional integration such as, insurance, bargaining power and security shall also be highlighted as advantages and disadvantages. Regional integration is the process by which two or more nation-states agree to work together and co-opera te to reachRead MoreGlobalization : A Competitive Development And Enhancement Is Affected By Its Domestic Environment1783 Words   |  8 Pagesfree trade comes into play. He states that, international competitiveness is actually comparative advantage but on an international level. As time progressed into the 1930s, economists started to welcome the idea as a way to enhance stability (Bhaguatti, 2008). Hewitt et al (1992), says an economy must be able to bring in external cash to acquire commodities they lack and should also include the creation of a free trade zone which gives market balance (Demand and Supply). Free Trade ThisRead MoreGM SWOT Essay2148 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction General Motors East Africa Limited was formed in 1975 and is a joint venture between General Motors Corporation (57.8%), Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (20%), Centum Investments (17.8%) and Itochu Corporation (4.4%). The vehicle manufacturing plant in Nairobi assembles a wide range of Isuzu trucks and buses. It is the largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in the Eastern Africa region with more than fifteen models. GM East Africa also retails fully built ChevroletRead More World Trade Organisation Essay2041 Words   |  9 PagesWorld Trade Organisation The official World Trade Organisation web site, defines the WTO as â€Å"the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations . . . [through] helping producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers (to) conduct their business†1. It was formed in 1995 after growing out of and extending the institution of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. As of the thirtieth of November 2000, the WTO has 140 member-countries, overRead MoreEssay on The Global Divide Between the Rich and Poor2100 Words   |  9 Pagesand economic information that highlights some of the information, impressions, and ideals of the situation. Political Governments around the world have been following neoliberal economic policies of the north for several years, and in the process, trade barriers disappear, public industries are privatized, and corporations have grown large enough that now (instead of the English Empire) the sun never sets on them. Privatization has created many opportunities for these countries to grow, especiallyRead MoreWelcome to the World of Sony - Unless the Yen Keeps Rising4976 Words   |  20 Pages[pic] HOMEWORK OF IBM FDI MOTIVES ASSOC.PROF. Mahmut Arslan PREPARED BY: FEYZA KAYA 20312196 ZÃÅ"LFÃÅ"YE YILDIZ 20212354 CONTENTS [pic] i CONTENTS ii FDI MOTIVES 3 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: 3 Types of FDI 4 Advantages of FDI 4 Motivations for FDI 6 Market-Expansion: Investments versus Trade 6 Resource-Acquisition Investment 8 Diversification-Oriented Investments 9 Political Motives 9 SOME EXAMPLES FOR FDI MOTIVES 9 Case: Bridgestone Tire CompanyRead MoreIndividual Case Analysis And Presentation Essay9535 Words   |  39 Pagesannual reports, financial reports, documents and data from public domain, databases, aggregated data, statistics and reports from Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics, National investment promotion commission, UNCTAD, World bank, Africa Development Bank. The interview was conducted with individual in strategic positions within the case companies. The fieldwork and data collection took place between December 2014 and April 2016 in London (UK), Abuja, Lagos, and Owerri Nigeria. A

Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications Free Essays

Research trends in the Academy of Management publications In order to reach the organization’s goals, management acts its way by its techniques and topics that is essential for the success of the company. There are a lot of changes and improvements that can cause to the disappearance of the management topics and techniques that organizations use for its own benefit. I appreciate reading this article that somehow updates us on what is happening on management topics, why do these topics disappear, stays, and re-emerge, and what are the common techniques used by the management of each organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first hypothesis about the management topics says that some are historic and that they emerged then died out over time. People nowadays are very trendy and they tend to imitate what are the topics most popular in their environment. These people study and use those topics that make them think can fit in into the society. Just like in business, management topics also undergo a cycle. At first they will grow slowly, and then they will burst till they reach their peak point where a lot of people patronize their services/products. Sooner or later, their business fades as the people who first patronize their products discover new ones that are trending and popular in the society. Because of this, they try to change and develop new products that would satisfy the wants and needs of the consumers leading to the disappearance of the first products they made. I can’t say that each management techniques are perfect, so if there are new ideas that are developed due to the experiences of each organizations and curiosity of mankind trying to improve and upgrade that specific technique, then that management technique disappears and being replaced by a new and better one. The second hypothesis tells that some management topics are classical and have become institutionalized over time. Even though people nowadays are conscious with the topics that are popular nowadays, there are others who give importance to these topics. Some topics are so significant that organizations do not want to remove them for those topics leads their business to success. These management topics give them ideas on how they will operate their business to become stable in the industry. Most usinessmen now continue to use and development these management topics because they believe that this can help them in achieving their success. These are their tools to reach their organizational objectives and accomplishments. If these techniques continue to help organizations then these will never fade out and will continue to be institutionalized making these topics stay for a long period of time. The third hypothesis states that some management topics are resurgent in that they emerged, di ed out, and then re-emerged over time. There are a lot of techniques that could help these topics to become useful again. With comprehensive study and analysis, these topics will soon be popularized and then used from generation to generation. This hypothesis challenges the researchers to do better study and brainstorming in order to have creative ideas on how they can develop these management topics. All things need improvement in order to fit in into society. Because, we humans, are not easily contented of what we have and can always find ways in creating other ideas better than the other. Some researching think they have created new ideas but had already emerged in the past but disappeared. Most companies make innovations on their products/services offered in the market in order to provide continuous satisfaction to the consumers. And so with this management topic, it needs further study and development to be continuously useful in the world of management. Management topics evolve like businesses do. They both undergo the same process cycle. At first is the birth of the keyword or topic then next is their growth until they reach their maturity where most of the people use it or the topic became popular. The cycle doesn’t end here but it continues to its post-maturity stage where its usefulness to the society declines. But with our generation nowadays, people are intellectual enough to explore new discoveries to satisfy the needs and wants of the society. And with this, it makes the management topic become more stable and continue to provide more knowledge to the researchers and readers. Having adequate knowledge about the history of these management topics we have right now makes each researchers and readers more interested on the topic. Some may show lack of interest but once they go deeper to the history about these management topics, they would find it really amazing on how this were useful to the industry and very effective on every organization. This study is very helpful to researchers that really want to know more about management because it is part of their study to keep track of the trends in the field of management. We can never reach our future if we do not know our history. Same goes with studying management, reaching the finish line of this field is impossible unless we learn and study its history. How to cite Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications, Essays

Internet of Things in Smart cities Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Internet of Things in Smart cities. Answer: Introduction: The technological advancement in the development of the smart city helps in achieving the economic growth of the city, increasing rate of employment, use of new application, facilitating green environment, minimizing the use of power supply, and supporting cleanliness of the society. The sustainability of the society can be improved by inducing the interconnection between different IoT devices like buses, smart phones, cars, weather station, traffic light signals, kiosks, smart meters, parking sensors, electronic displays, thrash bins, surveillance cameras, smart watches, and etc. The lighting system of the street is changed with the display of LED network. The traffic on the roads should be controlled by the real time traffic management system (Mijjac, 2012). The active participation of the local citizen helps in the mitigation of the pollution, omission of happening accidents, advancement in the productivity system, increasing economic growth, and providing luxurious life to the co mmon man. The basic requirement of planning the smart city is the use and deployment of the smart devices. The organization of the smart city is capable of developing smart citizen, smart production of energy, deployment of smart security system, development of the smart building, inclusion of the smart transportation system, applicability of the smart infrastructure, requirement plan for smart health care system, and placement of the smart technology according to the requirement. The population of the world is increasing at a very faster rate so to manage the population density the requirement of developing the smart city arises because it helps in managing the residential forum for them, providing better transportation services, minimize accident due to the traffic control, and etc. The infrastructure of the smart city is equipped with the self-configuration objects which are capable of managing communication and connection at the global level (Ahlgren, 2013). The IoT devices shou ld characterised with the features like good storage capacity, increased processing speed, improved reliability, accuracy, better performance, and improved security system (Vida, 2016). The innovations in the world of digital technologies have motivated the researches to undergo the planning of the smart city with the inclusion of IoT devices and network. The deployment of the sensor network helps in minimizing the chane of casualty and theft. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to design an infrastructure of the smart city in relation with the IoT device. The IoT network should comprised of IoT devices for providing smart services to the common people of the society on their demand. The deployment of the sensor network helps in predicting geographical location of the object (Loia, 2014). The security system is the major advantage of transforming the city to the smart city. The increasing rate of crimes will be minimized to a much larger extent due to the inclusion of surveillance cameras on the street sites (Mylonas, 2013). The problems of the common man in relation to the health, transportation, and security can be resolved with the deployment of the undertaken project. Problem Statement: The project is undertaken for constructing the smart city by making use of technological advancement in the field of internet. The devices placed in carrying over functional program of the city should be interconnected for managing the proper communication between them at global level. This paper helps in predicting the advantages and the facility providing to the common people of the city. Conclusion The conclusion of this paper is to manage connection between different IoT devices placed in the city for coordination and to provide accuracy in the facility provided to the society. The development of the surveillance system, smart parking system, smart building and homes, and etc. helps in increasing the economic growth of the city which in turn plays an important role in nation economy. References: Ahlgren, B. (2013). Internet of things for smart cities: Standards and opportunities. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8986/263acaa4e153e7acddc0bf9c9b5ce6f56479.pdf Loia, V. (2014). IoT based smart cities: A survey. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301790173_IoT-based_Smart_Cities_a_Survey Mijjac, M. (2012). Smart city services driven by IoT: A systematic review. Retrieved from https://www.jesd-online.com/dokumenti/upload/separated/Vol%204%20No%202_Paper4.pdf Mylonas, S. (2013). Development and IoT smart city framework. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261463912_Developing_an_IoT_Smart_City_framework Vida, R. (2016). IoT in Smart cities. Retrieved from https://www.hte.hu/documents/10180/2836425/1_4_Vida_Rolland_MJIK2016.pdf

Alices Adventures in Wonderland Book Review

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Book Review Alices Adventures in Wonderland is one of the most famous and enduring childrens classics. The novel is full of whimsical charm, and a feeling for the absurd that is unsurpassed. But, who was Lewis Carroll? Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson) was a mathematician and logician who lectured at Oxford University. He balanced both personas, as he used his study in the sciences to create his eminently strange books. Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a charming, light book, that reputedly pleased Queen Victoria. She asked to receive the authors next work and was swiftly sent a copy of An Elementary Treatment of Determinants. Synopsis The book begins with young Alice, bored, sitting by a river, reading a book with her sister. Then Alice catches sight of a small white figure, a rabbit dressed in a waistcoat and holding a pocket watch, murmuring to himself that he is late. She runs after the rabbit and follows it into a hole. After falling into the depths of the earth, she finds herself in a corridor full of doors. At the end of the corridor, there is a tiny door with a tiny key through which Alice can see a beautiful garden that she is desperate to enter. She then spots a bottle labeled Drink me (which she does) and begins to shrink until she is small enough to fit through the door. Unfortunately, she has left the key that fits the lock on a table, now well out of her reach. She then finds a cake labeled Eat me (which, again, she does), and is restored to her normal size. Disconcerted by this frustrating series of events, Alice begins to cry, and as she does, she shrinks and is washed away in her own tears. This strange beginning leads to a series of progressively ​curiouser and curiouser events, which see Alice babysit a pig, take part in a tea party that is held hostage by time (so never ends), and engage in a game of croquet in which flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls. She meets some extravagant and incredible characters, from the Cheshire Cat to a caterpillar smoking a hookah and being decidedly contradictory. She also, famously, meets the Queen of Hearts who has a penchant for execution.​ The book reaches its climax in the trial of the Knave of Hearts, who is accused of stealing the Queens tarts. A good deal of nonsense evidence is given against the unfortunate man, and a letter is produced which only refers to events by pronouns (but which is supposedly damning evidence). Alice, who by now has grown to a great size, stands up for the Knave and the Queen, predictably, demands her execution. As she is fighting off the Queen’s card soldiers, Alice awakes, realizing she has been dreaming all along. Review Carrolls book is episodic and reveals more in the situations that it contrives than in any serious attempt at plot or character analysis. Like a series of nonsense poems or stories created more for their puzzling nature or illogical delightfulness, the events of Alices adventure are her encounters with incredible but immensely likable characters. Carroll was a master of toying with the eccentricities of language. One feels that Carroll is never more at home than when he is playing, punning, or otherwise messing around with the English tongue. Although the book has been interpreted in numerous ways, from an allegory of semiotics theory to a drug-fueled hallucination, perhaps it is this playfulness that has ensured its  success over the last century. The book is brilliant for children, but with enough hilarity and joy for life in it to please adults too, Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a lovely book with which to take a brief respite from our overly rational and sometimes dreary world.

Illistration essay

Illistration essay Illistration essay Mr. HelgesonGold’n Plump 209 North Third Street Arcadia, WI 54612 Dear CEO Helgeson: I am writing you today to give you some more information about farm animals and what is happening to them, also to inform you a little bit about how much our health has been changing since factory farms like yours have changed what we are feeding these animals. And hopefully by the time you finish reading this you will choose to change your ways for the safety of our health and your animals. A few years ago in a Montana slaughter house a Black Angus cow awaiting execution went berserk, jumped a five foot fence, and escaped. She ran through the streets for hours until cops caught her with a tranquilizer gun, bringing her down. But her daring and challenging escape had caught the eye of many local hearts. The locals in the town started sending out telephones polls demanding her freedom. The slaughterhouses manager finally released the cow to a local farm to live out her life with joy and be worry free. She was also then given the name Molly (Mathew Scully). But unlike Molly, there are plenty of cows and other factory farm animals that don’t get a choice or are not as brave as she was. On the other hand, some cows and other farm animals just can’t wait to be taken to the slaughterhouse so they can finally escape the misery that these factory famers have been putting them through. Within the past fifty years factory farmers have changed the way they treat their animals. Most of them want to make money faster and be cheap about it, they are feeding animals to grow faster making most of them unable to stand up or even walk, also by changing what they are feeding these animals it is changing our diet too, making it unhealthy. There are many changing we have seen, one of them being: â€Å"In the 1970s, there were thousands of slaughterhouses producing the majority of beef sold. Today, we have only 13 (Robert Kenner).† With less slaughterhouses producing the meat and with more people requesting it, we have to question the quality of our food we consume and how it is affecting our health. Farmers have changed their ways over the past years to make the animals themselves so unhealthy and overweight just to get the meat produced faster. These factory farmers have been feeding their animals so they grow big fast before their bodies are able to catch up just to get food out faster. Most of these animals are not even able to get up and walk around on their feet because of this. On today’s factory farms, animals are crammed by the thousands into filthy, windowless sheds and confined to wire cages, gestation crates, barren dirt lots, and other cruel confinement systems. These animals will never raise their families, root around in the soil, build nests, or do anything that is natural and important to them. Most won’t even feel the sun on their backs or breathe fresh air until the day they are loaded onto trucks bound for slaughter. Cows, calves, pigs, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and other animals live in extremely stressful conditions on these farm. These conditions range from being kept in small cages or jam-packed shed or on filthy feedlots, often with so little space that they can’t even turn around or lie down comfortably. Also, these animals are deprived of exercise so that all their bodies’ energy goes towards producing flesh, eggs, or milk for human consumption. And sadly, these factory farm animals are fed drugs to fatten them faster and keep them alive in conditions that could otherwise kill them. â€Å"Many animals become crippled under their own wright and die just inches away from water and food† (Factory Farming: Cruelty to Animals). When they have finally grown large enough, animals raised for food are crowded onto trucks and transported over many miles through all weather extremes, typically without food or water, to the slaughterhouse. Those who survive this nightmarish journey will have their throats slit, often while they are

Ludwig van Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ludwig van Beethoven - Essay Example He had health issues which eventually took his life when he caught a cold. He was passionate about his work and while he knew that he was going deaf, he wrote as much music as he could before losing his ability to hear. He was also known to be an excessive and impulsive person. He would also become angry at many of his supporters but he always makes amends. Important places of Beethoven’s history include Vienna, Cologne, and Bonn. There were many prestigious musicians who have influenced Beethoven. Including his father, Gottlob Neefe, and Prince Maximilian Franz who have all helped Beethoven become the legend he is. He made a living out of music but he still suffered from financial difficulties because of his nephew. Beethoven had played many concerts and he has even played compositions for Europe’s most powerful leaders. Beethoven is famous for his ability to create beautiful classical music that maximized the romanticism period. Musical Forms: Sonata form: Tempest Son ata Rondo form: Rondo Sonate Pathetique Scherzo: Symphony no. 9 Fugue: Gro?e Fuge

Mandatory Drug Testing in High Schools is Needed and Effective PowerPoint Presentation

Mandatory Drug Testing in High Schools is Needed and Effective - PowerPoint Presentation Example A close and unbiased assessment of each of these contentions, however, points to fundamental weaknesses in their formulation and, by extension, to the merits of proactive efforts at assuring drug-free students and drug-free schools. There are a number of fundamental values and related underlying assumptions at work in consideration of organized proactive efforts at preventing drug—and, for that matter, alcohol—abuse among students. Considered in the abstract, a school is in many respects an artificially created society in which a group of (we hope) mature adults is organized to convey a spectrum of information to a likely less mature group of adolescents. Absorption of that information—A K A, the curriculum—is intended to both facilitate the adolescents’ entry into responsible, independent adulthood and, equally important, acquire skill sets that will eventually translate into improved employment prospects. Needless to say, both the students in particular and society at large have vested interests in favorable outcomes in this endeavor. Having said all that, it must be emphasized that the school environment—however loath we are to admit it—cannot be all that democratic and still function effectively. First, there is a built-in assumption that the teachers know more than the students (whatever the latter may think). And, as a corollary, achieving the objective of conveying knowledge to the student body must eventually take precedence over the parochial interests of its individual members that might inhibit that effort. Second, in many respects a school’s administration is effectively in the position of acting in loco parentis. This is not a privilege. It is a responsibility and it is one that schools cannot casually disregard. Each of these factors is implicated in any in-school drug-prevention program. It is eminently reasonable to argue

Socrates Wisdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Socrates Wisdom - Essay Example starts his main argument in the trial by saying that his wisdom is only â€Å"human wisdom† and that he is willing to admit that there is â€Å"a good chance† he has that kind of wisdom (p.3 [20e]). He compares this to the kind of wisdom that is â€Å"more than human,† by which he means that of the god of Delphi (p.3 [20e]). This is because the oracle told Chairephon that â€Å"there was no man wiser† than Socrates (p.3 [21a]). Socrates talks about his distress at hearing this, and explains that he went to ask a bunch of different people about their knowledge, â€Å"hoping to refute the oracle there if anywhere, and reply to† it with proof (p.4 [21c]). He then runs through some of the encounters he had with people he talked to. He starts with a politician who was supposedly wise but â€Å"it seemed to me that while this man was considered to be wise both by many other people and especially by himself, he was not.† (p.4 [21e]). When Socrates tries to explain this, he becomes hated. After he had gone through all the politicians with similar results, he tries the poets. The poets come off a little better, for although they are not wise enough to explain their own poetry, but that they â€Å"are possessed, like the seers and fortune-tellers, who also say many fine things but know nothing about what theyre saying.† (p.4 [22c]). On the other hand, they think themselves wise just like the politicians do. The last set of people he talks to are the artisans. He finds that although they do know many things, they have the same problem as poets, and â€Å"Because each of them performed his craft well, he considered himself to b e most wise about the greatest things† (p.5 [22d]). Socrates is quick to point out that his disproving of these other people’s wisdom does not make him think he is wise himself. He still maintains that knowing he does know nothing makes him both wise and unwise. Because he is self-aware, he knows â€Å"that he is actually worthless with respect to

Literature Review What Is Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

Literature Review What Is Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay CSR  is the concept in which companies consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of their operations.  This obligation is seen to extend beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislation and sees companies voluntarily taking further steps to improve the quality of life for employees and their families, as well as for the local community and society at large. According to Eric Orts of the University of Pennsylvania, Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained more interest in the past decades but it dates back to the 1930s. Just before World War II, German industrialist Walter Rathenau claimed that business corporations had become very large and that they had grown to be a significant part of the society. According to Rathenau, even though fundamentally a corporations intent is the pursuit of private interests and profits for owners of the company, they are increasingly bearing the marks of an undertaking and, to an increasing degree, have been serving the public interest (Kessler, 1930). Further, philosophers John Dewey and James H. Tufts, in their book ethics (1908), raised the concept that it is not sufficient to view companies as purely economic machines and that companies should be involved in public duty as well. Then 65 years later Davis in 1973 stated that, Corporate Social Responsibility of the firm is the firms consideratio ns of, and response to, issues beyond the narrow economic, technical, and legal requirements of the firm to accomplish social and environmental benefits along with the traditional economic gains which the firm seeks. In 2004, Sir Stephen Timms, U.K. Minister for CSR, Royal Institute for International Affairs suggested that Economic progress through a fair and open world trading system is essential to tackle poverty and ensure a safer more secure world for everyone now and for future generations. The challenges remain of ensuring that the benefits of that progress reach all sectors in all countries and are not at the expense of the environment. According to Hamann, 2006 the restructuring of the role of business in the quest of sustainable development has been an objective since the mid1990s. He also stated that businesses had to respond to this changing societal expectation by increasingly redefining and justifying their involvement in developmental issues in terms of corporate social responsibility. Regardless of whether one accepts or rejects CSR premise, the idea of CSR presupposes that businesses have obligations towards the society that go beyond profit-making to include helping to solve social and ecological problems. In the November of 2007, the Irish President Mary McAleese used the occasion of her address to the Annual Dinner of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland to air some questions about the nature of corporate social responsibility in Ireland. She said corporate responsibility is about mainstreaming the best social and environmental practice right through the length and breadth of business operations. It is difficult to see how it can be described as anything other than good news for society. In June of 2007, an online survey was published in the magazine Accountancy Ireland and in the words of one of the respondent from the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ireland the Corporate social responsibility is simply about giving a damn, or to quote another statement by one of the members CSR means ensuring that through the activities of the company, society in its broadest sense is treated with the respect that you as an individual would expect to be treated. In the words of Ludescher and Mahsud, 2010, corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to any activity that promotes the welfare of any stakeholder of a business corporation. Sometimes CSR refers to philanthropic programs targeting communities or employees. Other times it refers to commitments to promote the welfare of suppliers. It also refers to a variety of activities designed to enhance environmental stewardship or environmental sustainability. More generally, it refers to the vague intention to better society or corporate citizenship. When used very loosely, the term can be conflated with general ethical practices with regard to customers, investors, or any other stakeholder. In short, the term has a variety of meanings and applications. As it is used today, it can be applied to every business in all industries. According to Responsible Business Guide, 2010 at its core CSR is equal to a responsible business. It states that good business have always been about being socially responsible. Like quality, integrity, honest dealing and long term trust balanced by stewardship of resources, fair profits and public accountability. The guide also clearly mentions that a business must certainly fulfill basic social responsibilities in any case and for which charity cannot be used as a substitute. Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop states, There is no more powerful institution in society than business and the business of business should not be about money, it should be about responsibility. It should be about public good and not private greed (Responsible Business Guide, 2010). Also, Stephen Frost, CSR Asia said that the lesson is simple: if companies dont pay enough attention to what people say about them or act quickly, then there is a real chance that information can be potentially harmful. The China State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, believes that the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an idea that enterprises can and should take responsibility for their impacts on society and environment as they pursue profits. The concept has been variously defined, and is also used interchangeably with terms such as corporate citizenship, business in society and business and sustainable development. Each has a slightly different flavor and history. Fulfilling social responsibility requires central enterprises to be human-oriented, stick to scientific development, and be responsible to stakeholders and environment, so as to achieve the harmony between enterprises growth, society and environment. The Draft ISO26000 guidelines define CSR as, The responsibility of a company for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and the environment, through transparent and ethical behavior that contributes to the sustainable development, health and the welfare of society; takes into account the expectations of stakeholders; is in compliance with applicable law; is consistent with international norms of behavior; and is integrated throughout the company. Also, according to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development Corporate Social Responsibility means, The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development, while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. Well, CSR is no silver bullet for social change. The author states that collaborative action and partnership with the voluntary, community and public sectors are needed to see signi ¬Ã‚ cant and sustainable change. Expectations of CSR should, however, be realistic yet ambitious. (Staples, 2004) Different authors and agencies have different takes on explaining the meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in their own words. Their basic stand is the same difference visible is that they keep adding new views to it. 1.2 Evolution of CSR In the last 15 years or so the idea of CSR has become an integral part of any business organization. In this period through consolidation and specialization had emerged the three waves of CSR, which are different but coinciding. The first wave began in the beginning of 1990s called the compliance wave. During this time international agencies promoted a number of CSR reporting standards to assure the consumers that the supply chain of various branded products was clean. This wave on the world wide basis started a drive for certification for quality and a third party verification of factory claims about labour standards, social and environmental performance. A number of verifiable corporate social responsibility standards evolved during this wave. The second wave began in the mid-1990s and it was termed as the triple bottom line wave. During this wave all the attention was focused on organizations way of running the business in relation to the environmental, social and financial impact on the society. This wave influenced organizations to come up with a number of articles convincing the businessmen that triple bottom line was a fruitful investment that would pay back through an enhanced marketing image and cost savings. This idea of the TPL being helpful gave birth to an entire industry which prepared the organizations for TBL. This wave made the companies conscious of their image and made them take up projects which were pro-environment and pro-society. The concept of triple bottom line successfully developed the phenomenon that CSR is a driver of any business and described various ways of measuring the impact of the business on both the environment and the society. This wave overlapped the first wave for about five years. The third wave emerged in the mid-2000s and it was termed as the responsible competitiveness wave. Organizations entered this wave with an understanding that in any way CSR does not state that the business should lose out on its profits and the responsible behaviour of an organization can yield concrete rewards. In other words any business that was following responsible practices, the market would systematically and comprehensively reward that business. On the other hand any organization was punished if they showed any kind of disregard to the social and environmental expectations. In Pakistan an industry wide research was conducted in the year 2004 and in almost all the cases it was evident that financial performance of businesses increased with increase in social performance. Responsibly competitive markets presume a society that is both aware of its rights as consumers and carefully uses its purchasing power to regulate corporate behaviour. The wave uses powerful communication too ls and the media of the information age to react quickly to the professed corporate behaviour, good or bad. Evidence indicates that organizations who impose their image as a responsible business would gain an advantage of altering societys expectations from them. (Responsible Business Guide: A Toolkit for Winning Companies, 2010) 1.3 Who does CSR? With industrialization, the impacts of business on society and the environment assumed an entirely new dimension. The corporate paternalists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries used some of their wealth to support philanthropic ventures. By the 1920s discussions about the social responsibilities of business had evolved into what we can recognize as the beginnings of the modern CSR movement. In 1929, the Dean of Harvard Business School, Wallace B. Donham, commented within an address delivered at Northwestern University: Business started long centuries before the dawn of history, but business as we now know it is new new in its broadening scope, new in its social significance. Business has not learned how to handle these changes, nor does it recognize the magnitude of its responsibilities for the future of civilization. http://www.brass.cf.ac.uk/uploads/History_L3.pdf Historians of corporate social responsibility generally agree that the concept emerged in the 1930s and 1940s. It became formalized in 1953 with the publication of Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, a book by Howard Bowen. (Dick Jones Communications, 2010) CSR has now found its way in almost every country. The difference visible is the magnitude on which it is followed and used to ones benefit. CSR was religiously followed by developed countries like United Kingdom and United States of America; they are two the developed countries where it is quite popular and now it is steadily growing in a large number of developing countries. CSR reporting is being followed by not only big multinational companies but also SMEs. The number of companies reporting on CSR has been increasing at a fair pace. In practice, much of the business activity that has so far been labeled CSR has been driven by the concerns of investors, companies, campaign groups and consumers based in the worlds richest countries such as United States of America, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Germany among others. National CSR agendas in middle and low-income countries have been less visible internationally, and have often not been labeled CSR. The result has been CSR practices that are largely framed in rich countries, then internationalized and transferred to other businesses and social settings through international trade, investment, and development assistance. The strategic challenge for governments at national and local levels is how best to shape an agenda that has been largely market-driven and responsive to concerns of rich country stakeholders. Over the past five years or so, governments, companies and NGOs in many middle-and-low-income countries have accelerated a process of adaptation of the dev eloped-country-driven CSR agenda through greater direct engagement. CSR movements and initiatives have emerged in countries such as China, India, South Africa, the Philippines and Brazil, among others. (CSR and Developing Countries, 2007) Moving on from countries that follow CSR to companies that follow CSR, Europes top 100 companies have significantly increased the level of ethical reporting in their annual statements. In 1992 only 12 percent of Europes top firms included a statement of ethical policy in their annual reports, compared with 80 percent in 2003. Also, 96 percent of UK companies say that environmental and social transparency is as important as transparency in economic and businesses issues; non-financial reporting is still widely seen as a PR or marketing tool. (Financial Management, 2003) In 2005, 360 different CSR-related shareholder resolutions were filed on issues ranging from labor conditions to global warming. Government regulation increasingly mandates social responsibility reporting. These pressures clearly demonstrate the extent to which external stakeholders are seeking to hold companies accountable for social issues and highlight the potentially large financial risks for any firm whose conduct is deemed unacceptable. Of the 250 largest multinational corporations in the world, 64% published CSR reports in 2005, either within their annual report or, for most, in separate sustainability reports supporting a new cottage industry of report writers. (Porter Kramer, 2006) According to a recent KPMG study (2005), CSR reporting has changed from purely environmental to concentrating on sustainability and has now become mainstream practice among the top 250 companies of the Fortune 500. In addition to CSR reporting, more than 1000 corporations in Europe and the US have developed or signed codes of conduct governing their social, environmental and ethical practices, and more than 2000 corporations now report on these practices. (Money Schepers, 2007) It also matters a lot for the global economy to what extent small businesses decide to engage in CSR activities. Although it is much more complex to identify, investigate and communicate CSR in the small business, the author believes this area deserves more attention due to its potential impact on the global economy. The grand impact of small businesses CSR engagement on state and civil society has been severely underestimated by researchers and policy-makers. SMEs are motivated, challenged and engaged in CSR issues in many very different ways compared with large  ¬Ã‚ rms. However, the author states that more research is needed to understand in detail the conditions and strategies for SMEs to adopt CSR practices. Research shows that an improved understanding of current CSR practices in SMEs has the potential of stimulating a high impact for the global economy and society as well as for the SMEs themselves. Beyond multinational companies, which pioneered in this  ¬Ã‚ eld with conspicuous efforts, SMEs are developing new tools and approaches to manage social and environmental issues within the scope of their strategic and competitive activities. (Morsing Perrini, 2009) 1.4 Why is it done? In the 21st century marketplace the organizations are becoming more conscious of their overall image and how the world looks at them. The organizations are conscious of human rights and of being economically, socially and environmentally active and responsible. The organizations are being pressurized from different directions to follow ethical practices in business an example being the Companies Act 2006 enshrining in law the concept of enlightened shareholder value, a form of corporate social responsibility, in place of a directors traditional common law duty of loyalty. Researchers have found a strong correlation between social performance and financial performance of a business and it can be proved by stating that now days consumers are well aware of the companies who are socially and environmentally more responsible, especially in the developed countries consumers are placing more importance on the social responsibility of firms. However, the scale and nature of the benefits of c orporate social responsibility (CSR) go beyond the financial ones and can include benefits such as improved perceptions of the company, proactive management of risk, building loyalty-based customers on account of distinctive ethical values etc. Concerns about corporate social responsibility have grown significantly during the last two decades. Not only has the issue become commonplace in the business press and among business and political leaders but a body of academic literature has also emerged around it. Nevertheless, little theoretical attention has been paid to understanding why or why not corporations act in socially responsible ways. (Campbell, 2007) Governments, activists, and the media have become adept at holding companies to account for the social consequences of their activities. Myriad organizations rank companies on the performance of their corporate social responsibility (CSR), and, despite sometimes questionable methodologies, these rankings attract considerable publicity. As a result, CSR has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leaders in every country. Many companies awoke to it only after being surprised by public responses to issues they had not previously thought were part of their business responsibilities. Nike, for example, faced an extensive consumer boycott after the New York Times and other media outlets reported abusive labor practices at some of its Indonesian suppliers in the early 1990s. Shell Oils decision to sink the Brent Spar, an obsolete oil rig, in the North Sea led to Greenpeace protests in 1995 and to international headlines. Pharmaceutical companies discovered that they were expected t o respond to the AIDS pandemic in Africa even though it was far removed from their primary product lines and markets. Fast-food and packaged food companies are now being held responsible for obesity and poor nutrition. Activist organizations of all kinds, both on the right and the left, have grown much more aggressive and effective in bringing public pressure to bear on corporations. Activists may target the most visible or successful companies merely to draw attention to an issue, even if those corporations actually have had little impact on the problem at hand. Nestlà ©, for example, the worlds largest purveyor of bottled water, has become a major target in the global debate about access to fresh water, despite the fact that Nestlà ©s bottled water sales consume just 0.0008% of the worlds fresh water supply. The inefficiency of agricultural irrigation, which uses 70% of the worlds supply annually, is a far more pressing issue, but it offers no equally convenient multinational co rporation to target. Debates about CSR have moved all the way into corporate boardrooms. In 2005, 360 different CSR-related shareholder resolutions were filed on issues ranging from labor conditions to global warming. Government regulation increasingly mandates social responsibility reporting. Pending legislation in the UK, for example, would require every publicly listed company to disclose ethical, social, and environmental risks in its annual report. These pressures clearly demonstrate the extent to which external stakeholders are seeking to hold companies accountable for social issues and highlight the potentially large financial risks for any firm whose conduct is deemed unacceptable. (Porter Kramer, 2006) According to G.K. Kanji and P.K. Chopra (2010), there are various factors responsible for the steep rise in the number of corporations adopting CSR. First, consumers across the globe are becoming more and more aware of the environmental and social implications of their purchases and hence they take these issues into consideration when making their decisions. Second, globalization has given rise to new challenges for corporations in terms of government regulations, tariffs, varying standards, ethical issues, environmental restrictions, labor exploitation, and so on. These issues can be very costly for corporations, and hence corporations have to use socially responsible policies. There are several possible explanations for this increased attention in the UK to CSR issues. There are three speci ¬Ã‚ c ones: a general increase in concerns about ethics in British society; heightened awareness of risk and risk management; and the growth in media exposure concerning CSR. Aguilera et al., (2006) According to Dawkins Ngunjiri, 2008 evidence suggests that consumers and other stakeholders prefer companies that embrace social responsibility there for; reporting social and environmental impacts along with financial results has become routine practice for companies. Unlike highly regulated financial reporting, corporate social responsibility reporting (CSRR) is generally left to the companies discretion. As a result, companies have adopted varying forms of reporting such as triple bottom line or conformed to the standards of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Global Reporting Initiative or Social Accountability International. There is an emerging stream of research examining how companies use CSRR to highlight their commitment to corporate social responsibility. To date, the research on CSRR has been focused primarily on Europe and the United States, but the emerging market economies that can quickly become corporate social responsibility (CSR) flashpoints are garne ring increased attention from researchers as well. Not only is it important for companies to engage in favorable CSR but also that they report those activities. KPMG published an International Survey of Corporate Sustainability Reporting to document the extent of company involvement in this practice. Clearly, company disclosures can lead to favorable perceptions of corporate governance, and investors use this information to make decisions. Outside of regulatory considerations, companies engage in CSRR for three primary reasons: (a) to maintain and enhance perceptions of legitimacy, (b) to manage the perceptions of key stakeholders, and (c) as a reflection of their corporate values. Legitimacy is a generalized perception that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, and beliefs. Consequently stakeholders, consumers, local communities, and NGOs can influence corporate behavior by arguing that a given practice does not conform to societal expectations or lacks legitimacy. Disclosures about CSR are one way that companies demonstrate their legitimacy to stakeholders. For instance, found that companies increased their environmental disclosures when their legitimacy was questioned due to environmental mishaps. According to Timothy M. Devinney (2009), there is an ongoing debate on the idea that what are the real costs and benefits of CSR reporting and this is due to the fact that very little evidence is available on this topic, for those with a narrow conception of CSR, the corporation has little, if any, obligation to the society other than the creation of economic rents that can accrue to the stakeholders with recognized rights to those rents. For those with an expansive view of CSR, the corporation should serve as an instrument of public policy by other means. For those seeking a compromise, CSR is something in between these two extremes. Although it is still contested whether corporations have social responsibilities beyond their wealth-generating function, there exists today increasing internal and external pressures on business organizations to fulfill broader social goals. The author further states that because business organizations are embedded in different national systems they experience divergent degrees of internal and external pressures to engage in social responsibility initiatives. The author further states that Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes in 2003 provided a breakthrough in the CSR literature with meta-analytic evidence showing a significant positive effect of corporate social/environmental performance on corporate financial performance, and Mackey, and Barney in 2005 theorize with a supply and demand model that investing in socially responsible initiatives will maximize the market value of the firm. These studies should bring some closure on the long-running debate about whether it is in an organization s financial best interest to engage in CSR. Therefore, an important new line of inquiry within this field is no longer whether CSR works but, rather, what catalyzes organizations to engage in increasingly robust CSR initiatives and consequently impart social change. Aguilera et al., (2007) One persistent feature of debates about CSR is a deep skepticism about the intentions of companies. There is a recurrent suggestion that CSR activity is just window-dressing aimed at distracting attention from the real problems. The author asked this question to a number of the board directors working in various organizations and they all rejected this criticism. They claimed to be sincere in their desire to ensure that their companies behave responsibly in addressing the major social and environmental impacts associated with their business activities. (Mackenzie, 2007) There is an ongoing debate on the idea that do companies really report their activities to make a difference by presenting the various changes they make in the name of CSR or is it just a calculated effort to improve their image. It is very difficult to come to a conclusion on this debate as both in favor and against the above mentioned point have some strong arguments that they put forward. 1.5 Legitimacy and Stakeholder Theory in the case of CSR Legitimacy theory posits that organizations continually seek to ensure that they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies. These bounds and norms are not fixed, but change across time, thereby requiring the organization to be responsive. In a sense, there is a social contract between the organization and those affected by the organizations operations. The organization is expected to comply with the terms of this contract, and these expressed or implied terms are not static. An event study incorporating legitimacy theory was conducted by Patten (1992). Patten focused upon the change in the extent of environmental disclosures made by North American oil companies, other than Exxon Oil Company, both before and after the Exxon Valdez incident in Alaska in 1989. He argued that if the Alaskan oil spill resulted in a threat to legitimacy of the petroleum industry, and not just to Exxon, then legitimacy theory would suggest that companies operating within that industry would respond by increasing the amount of environmental disclosures in their annual reports. Pattens results indicate that there were increased environmental disclosures by the petroleum companies for the post-1989 period, consistent with a legitimation perspective. This disclosure reaction took place across the industry, even though the incident itself was primarily related to one oil company. Deegan and Gordon (1996) reviewed annual report corporate environmental disclosures made by Australian companies across the years from 1980 to 1991. They investigated the objectivity of corporate environmental disclosure practices and trends in environmental disclosures across time. They also sought to determine if environmental disclosures are related to concerns held by environmental groups about particular industries environmental performance. The results derived by their study confirm, among other findings, that; (1) increases in corporate environmental disclosures across time are positively associated with increases in the levels of environmental group membership; (2) Australian corporate environmental disclosures are overwhelmingly self-laudatory: and (3) there is a positive correlation between the environmental sensitivity of the industry to which the corporation belongs and the level of corporate environmental disclosure. Deegan and Gordon argue that the levels of corporate e nvironmental disclosures are associated with the legitimation process, whereby companies seek to attain the status of legitimacy. (Deegan Brown, 1998) Banks with a higher visibility among consumers seem to exhibit greater concern to improve the  corporate  image through  social  responsibility  information disclosure.  Results thus suggest that legitimacy  theory  may be an explanation of  social  responsibility  disclosure by Portuguese banks.   (Branco Rodrigues, 2006) Stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and ethics. Indeed all theories of strategic management have some moral content, though it is often implicit. This is not to say that all such theories are moral, as opposed to immoral. Moral content in this case means that the subject matter of the theories are inherently moral topics (i.e., they are not amoral). Stakeholder theory is distinct because it addresses morals and values explicitly as a central feature of managing organizations. The ends of cooperative activity and the means of achieving these ends are critically examined in stakeholder theory in a way that they are not in many theories of strategic management. Stakeholder theory is conceived in terms that are explicitly and unabashedly moral. Managing for stakeholders involves attention to more than simply maximizing shareholder wealth. Attention to the interests and well-being of those who can assist or hinder the achievement of the organizations objectives is the central admonition of the theory. (Phillips et al., 2003) The social responsibility of business has become a major issue in recent years and the reporting of such activity is becoming more prevalent. Companies are attuning to the benefits of being seen as socially responsibly and many industries are jumping on the bandwagon of reporting CSR and using different media to communicate their activities in this arena to their stakeholders. Companies are attuning to the benefits of being seen as socially responsibly and many industries are jumping on the bandwagon of reporting CSR and using different media to communicate their activities in this arena to their stakeholders. The article considers the content of one type of such communications, the annual report,

No Harm Can Come to a Good Man Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essays

No Harm Can Come to a Good Man Whether Socrates is portrayed correctly or not, he certainly was a great man. His contribution to western thought cannot be denied. For even if his teachings were different from what they are known to be at present, his influence on Plato is immense. And so, it is no small matter to describe the tragic passing of such a man as Socrates was and remains for philosophy today. Yet in all the indignation which is expected to arise at the death of Socrates, the panache with which he departs is captured excellently in Plato's â€Å"Apology.† Specifically, at the end of the "Apology," Socrates makes a very important statement that has had great impact on philosophy ever since its original proclamation. The Stoics in particular have taken this to be the cornerstone of their ideology. The statement made is that "you must regard one thing at least as certain—that no harm can come to a good man either in his life or after his death,† (Plato 100). The following examinatio n focuses therefore on a brief explanation of the circumstances which lead to this statement being made by Socrates, as well as a closer look at why he thinks this to be the case. It is assumed that this statement is true, and validation for that assumption is to be sought as well. So, first, why does Socrates make such a bold statement? Verily it is nothing short of his own death sentence. The people who accused and voted against Socrates, have decreed it that he is to die for impiety toward the gods and of corrupting the youth (Plato), in addition, it is known that Socrates has as a companion of sorts a "prophetic voice" to keep his philosophical endeavors regulated. Socrates himself states that this presence has not opposed him at an... ... is safely sustained. Ultimately, the lack of knowledge on the subject of death is no grounds for its presumption to have any negative connotation. Thus Socrates leaves the people and the men of the jury, pronouncing that "it is time for us to go—me to my death, you to your lives. Which of us goes to the better fate, only god knows,† (Plato 100). Works Cited Aurelius, Marcus. "Meditations." Ancient Philosophy. 3rd Ed. Philosophic Classics, vols. 1. Baird, Forrest E., and Walter Kaufman. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000. Epictetus. "Encheiridion." Ancient Philosophy. 31 Ed. Philosophic Classics, vols. 1. Baird, Forrest E., and Walter Kaufman. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000. Plato. "Apology." Ancient Philosophy. 3rd Ed. Philosophic Classics, vols. 1. Baird, Forrest E., and Walter Kaufman. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000. 82-100.

Of Mice and Men Dreams Essay

Good brainstorming attempt. You have written more than most at your age. Let’s try and clarify the ideas. QUESTION -Many of the characters’ ambitions in ‘Of Mice and Men’ are focused on dreams for a better life analyse the presentation of two of these dreams within the novel. How to Write an Essay 1. Don’t panic 2. Try to follow each of the characters. What would it really be like to be them? 3. Try to develop a short thesis statement. 4. Try not to deviate too far from the thesis statement during the essay. 5. Do you use one or two quotes? I’m from the U.S. We use double quotes first. Then, single quotes. Here are three good ideas you had. Try and develop the dream idea more. Stay away from the death of the dream. The question is really not asking how the dream dies. I have reworked the paragraphs a lot. The American Dream of prosperity and independence fuels Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men. The two central characters, George and Lennie, forge a bond to achieve this dream. In the achievement of their dream, they must separate themselves from the masses of itinerant workers whose sweat, grime, and despair become obstacles to dream fulfillment. George feels that their situation is unique in contrast to other ranch workers: they have each other. He boasts, ‘Because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you.’ This shows that George and Lennie share a symbiotic relationship; they depend on each other to provide a sense of hope in an otherwise bleak life. In addition, their wages, food rations, and necessities will be shared. Lennie’s childlike faith in the dream forces the cynical George to confront the dream daily. Lennie’s main objective is to ‘tend the rabbits.’ He constantly looks to George for reassurance that he will be able to tend rabbits in the future. â€Å"Tending the rabbits† is a manifestation of George’s love for Lennie as much as it is Lennie’s dream. George is â€Å"tending the rabbits† already in driving ahead with the dream. Develop this paragraph. Despite the obvious joys of independence and owning land, George longs for freedom, the freedom of not having to work; instead, having the liberty to choose when he will work. ‘And when it rains in the winter, we’ll just say the hell with goin’ to work, and we’ll build up a fire in the stove and set around it an’ listen to the rain comin’ down on the roof.’ Another comparison: Curley’s idea of the dream.

Gender in the workplace essays

Gender in the workplace essays Gender Discrimination in the Work Place Is it fair that men make more money than women do, even though they both have the same qualifications? Is it fair that women are less likely than men to get promoted are? Is it fair that women start at lower positions in the work place than men do? Discrimination in the work place is hindering gender relations in todays modern society. Women are getting fed up with always being treated unfairly by the employers. They feel that employers should base their decision on who can do the better job, not who is the male and who is the female. Hiring, promotion, and salaries are the three main factors that separate the men from the women in the work place. In hiring, men are much more likely to get a job than women are. Although in the last 10 to 15 years, women have gradually closed the gaps. In 1974, 14 to 25% of women earned bachelor degrees in computer and mathematical science. While in 1989, the women that earned the same degrees were 33 to 37% of the graduates. (Frenkel, 1990) Now, because the percentage of bachelor degrees has increased during that period, you would think that the hiring increase would be the same. Well, the hiring of women has only increased about 5%. So, are employers really looking for who gets hired with what degree or is it irrelevant? I feel that for the most part, employers do look at the accomplishments of a future employee, regardless of gender. In the past, that might have been different, but today, an employer would hire a more highly skilled women worker, than an average male worker. I think employers have a sort of obligation to hire the women. The companies sometimes feel that if they dont hire enough women, a discrimination suit could arise and that would hurt not only the company financially, but their reputation as well. In almost every industry, women occupy a very small proportion of the higher-level positions. For example, ...

Women and Economics essays

Women and Economics essays Many both in the past and the present have challenged the treatment of women by society over the past century or so. In Western culture, the placement of women on a lower level than men has been around for as long as can be remembered. Never has the woman been thought of as the breadwinner of the family. It took the determination of women in the past just to get women into the workplace. Still today, women earn less money and hold less substantial job titles. But because of these women from the past, society has taken a different view. Women such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman have paved the way for women in economics. Her revolutionary view of women in and out of the household is unprecedented. Though written almost a hundred years ago, the same cruelties and injustices Gilman described and attacked in Women and Economics are still very much alive today. The beliefs she put forth in her book are the basis for the amount of independence women have experienced in the present. In Women and Economics, Gilman began with the premise that women are owned by men. Women could not choose to work out of the house they were forced to stay with the children. The man of the house would be at work bringing in the money while the woman would stay at home to care for the children and to do things such as housework and cooking. A woman could not choose otherwise because the man supported her. In this way, the woman was owned by the man. Arguing from the point of evolutionary science, Gilman illustrated how humans "are the only animal species in which the female depends upon the male for food, the only animal in which the sex-relation is also an economic relation." Here she examined the "cultures" of other animals. She understood that women are the only species that depends on the male for food. All others partake in food gathering equally. The female is not dependent upon the male unlike ...

Clive Staples Lewis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Clive Staples Lewis - Research Paper Example From this study it is clear that  man’s pursuit of religion is an undertaking performed in order to achieve spiritual happiness, the kind that transcends believers’ perception of reality towards the goodness and promises of the life hereafter. It is so-called a pursuit because no one is born with religion served on a silver platter. Perhaps you might think about religion that is based on blood and race. Religion is something that should be taken as even deeper; its meaning is significant and highly philosophical. Any Jordanian man born can have the choice of believing in Jesus Christ, which is equally the same as an American believing Allah and Mohammed.  This paper highlights that  faith is greater than religion, for without faith, religions collapse and all the things associated with it perished. When there is faith, there is a belief. That is why, when one has faith in a supreme being, he believes that his actions are in accordance with what must please with hi s master; otherwise, he will be punished. This is Gandhi’s mantra that karma strikes to deserving people because it is the universal law of nature. It is noteworthy to know that even brilliant personalities in history acknowledged the moral bearings of their actions because there is someone who creates the law of morality.  Knowledge, as defined by Freud, as something that is attained through research and this knowledge is used to discern objects present only in the universe and not to the invisible such as God.

Sydney Harbour Bridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sydney Harbour Bridge - Essay Example In other words, Carl Hooper asserts that there should be a 'depoliticisation' of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and he makes use of the theories of Roland Barthes to explain this depoliticisation, as well as the aura and allure of the Bridge. In the explanation of the bitter conflicts between sectional interests as well as the tensions between public and private, Hooper makes use of the theories of Roland Barthes and the method has been greatly effective. "The explanation of this event is found nor in history nor politics, but in the function of mythology. The celebratory phenomenon enveloping the harbour bridge is similar to that analysed by Roland Barthes. In this explanation the harbour bridge constructed out of concrete, granite and steel acts as a mythic signifier, situated in a particular environment and history. This is its 'sensuous' dimension."2 Therefore, Carl Hooper explains the concept of the 'depoliticisation' of the Sydney Harbour Bridge as well as the aura and allure of the Bridge by the use of the theories of Roland Barthes. The Sydney Harbour Bridge, according t... Thus, Hooper suggests the significance of the mythology concerning the Sydney Harbour Bridge which depoliticises the bridge through the generation of images that conceal or deform the material, historical and political dimensions of the real Sydney Harbour Bridge. Through these images one may imagine that the bridge is something eternal and that it belongs to the natural order of things. Such perceptions make the bridge as something beyond question and beyond politics. Two of the most important vehicles for the bridge mythology are provided by the souvenir histories and the visual arts and Hooper is engaged in a critical reading of the mythology by examining some sample vehicles and he recovers the Sydney Harbour Bridge as a material, historical and political entity. In its planning, construction and continued maintenance, the Sydney Harbour Bridge has been identified as a public work, though the idea of public is limited here. The bridge is also identified as a vampire and as the ci ty as such because it represents the city's interests in relation to other cities. As the symbolic and aesthetic considerations were involved in the design of the characteristic shape of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, it has never been understood in purely utilitarian terms. There were several dangers and issues involved in the construction of the bridge and the estimates of its cost impressed the popular imagination with the specialness and uniqueness. The extraordinary benefits which would flow from the bridge were stressed by the supporters of the task. There were several other factors which contributed to the mythology concerning the bridge. "The spectacle of its construction in the midst of the daily life of the city

International Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

International Business Economics - Essay Example This concept was later popularized in the work of Solow (1957 cited in Prescott, 1998) who had established that the economic growth models which suggest that growth occurs exclusively from an accumulation of resources is unlikely to be permanent and enhancement of productivity is fundamental to generate economic growth. Therefore, there is no singularity in the opinion of researchers regarding the determinants of growth yet there is no denying the fact that TFP is important for economic growth. There is now a growing consensus among researchers that much of the differences between income per capita between the developing and the developed countries can be accredited to TFP differences. The concept of TFP is quite broad and it includes a number of factors like education, health, and skills of the entire human technology, utilization of technology possessed by a country and the absorptive capacity of the economy (Miles and Scott, 2005). Therefore, this essay studies the link between TF P and human capital, TFP and technological progress and finally determines the impact it has on the overall economic growth of the nation. This paper first introduces the concept of TFP, the way in which it can be measured and its main determinants. Then the relation of TFP with human capital and technology is explained in details. Finally, the impact that TFP has on the economic growth is discussed. The burgeoning literature on the South East Asian countries and its growth determinants has also been studied to understand the role of TFP. There are two primary factors for which the concept is aligned to a neoclassical one namely productivity is measured for every factor of production and it has been integrated with the production function. The basic definition of TFP remains same in the works of most of the researchers who observe it as a ratio between net output and the factor inputs.

Critical Issues in Learning Essay Example for Free

Critical Issues in Learning Essay Processes of learning and the transfer of learning are critical to realize how human beings develop their competencies. Learning is critical as nobody is born with a capability to perform aptly as an adult in society. More importantly, it is necessary to understand the types of learning experiences and critical issues involve within that lead to transfer. Transfer is a capability to extend the knowledge that has been acquired in one context to other context. Educators say that students transfer their learning from one problem to other during a course, from one class in school to other class, between educational institutions and their homes, and from educational institutions to workplaces. Such assumptions regarding transfer of learning involves the belief that it is good to widely educate people despite just â€Å"train† them to conduct specific jobs. (Campbell, et. al. , 2007) Measures of transfer of learning have significance in assessing the level of people’s learning capabilities and experiences. Different types of learning experiences often appear to be same when they are examined by just focusing on remembering (remembering is defined as a quality to repeat the knowledge that has been acquired earlier), but the same experiences look different when transfer tests are conducted. Here are some of the major issues of learning and transfer that have significance in education: †¢ Initial learning is very essential for transfer. A very good amount of knowledge is known about the types of learning experiences that help transfer. †¢ Information that is excessively contextualized will reduce transfer; if the knowledge is presented in the form of â€Å"abstractâ€Å", it can enhance transfer. †¢ All new learning has transfer that is based on earlier learning; this thing is very important while designing instructions to help students in learning. ? 1. REFERENCES 1. Campbell, J. P. , Oblinger, D. G. , Chang, W. C. , Craig, E. M. , Diaz, V. , Fowler, S. B. , Kinley, E. , Little, J. K. , Molholt, P. , Siddall, S. E. , Trinkle, D. A. , 2007. Top-Ten Teaching and Learning Issues, 2007. Educause Quarterly. Viewed on 16 July 2010, Retrieved from: http://www. educause. edu/EDUCAUSE+Quarterly/EDUCAUSEQuarterlyMagazineVolum/TopTenTeachingandLearningIssue/161828

Role of the Police in Community Policing

Role of the Police in Community Policing Abstract Traditionally, law enforcement is called after a crime has already occurred. Law enforcement is designed to respond to emergency calls requiring a quick response, place criminals under arrest, conduct and follow-up on investigations, as well as routine neighborhood checks. When discussing community-oriented policing (COP), there is a broader police focus which is the prevention of crime and disorder. COP requires a more strategic approach to working in the community as the community and the Police are encouraged to come together and form a partnership in which both (community members and police) share a common goal of making the community safer. This paper is going to discuss the role of the police in community policing such as how and why community policing was developed, the role of the COP officer and how the COP officer and community can work together to make COP effective. The Role of the Police in Community Policing The concept of policing has been in existence for many years. The police are expected to perform many community duties that in the past were the responsibility of the local citizen such as: keeping the peace, handling emergency services, dealing with family problems, and helping during civil emergencies. But now police officers are called in to solve these social problems that citizens create. Due to this role conflict, more departments are adopting new models of policing that reflect this changing role. What is community policing? Community policing is a working relationship, between the police and local residents, with the mission to make the neighborhood a safer and better environment to live in and increase trust in the police (http://www.cops.usdoj.gov). By forming this relationship, the community and police work together on goals such as reducing crime in the neighborhood, reducing fear of crime and improving the quality of life in the community. With the cooperation of both the police and the community, community policing identifies problems of crime and chaos and then involve the community in finding solutions to reduce such and make the community and a better, safer neighborhood to live. Community policing goes beyond traditional policing as the police are no longer the sole protectors of the law and social order as all members of the community take an active part in the effort to enhance the safety and quality of neighborhoods. Community policing can be defined as the collaboration between the police and the community (residents) in which together they can identify and solve community issues. Together the residents and the police can encourage active citizen involvement in policing efforts, focus on issues of ongoing public concern, provide continuity of service to the community, develop, strengthen and/or build groups and organizations so residents can advocate for their own interests (www.cops.usdoj.gov). Although, community oriented policing is a partnership between the police and the community members, the police play a major role as the police officer is the foundation of community-oriented policing (Oliver, 2008). The officer’s goal/purpose is to educate the public about its local police department, maintain or increase public confidence and trust in law enforcement, decrease fear of crime, listening to and addressing citizen concerns, and implementing community programs together with community members in an effort to solve problems. Community oriented policing is also intended to encourage community participation and involvement. The values of community policing include developing lasting community partnerships and problem solving in collaboration with the community along with organizational change within the police department. Instead of only riding through the community responding to calls, some police departments have implemented community policing as a more collaborative approach with the community members in an effort to have better problem solving for the police and teach the citizens ways to better prepare, identify and prevent crime and fear of crime in the community. The police can play an active role in the COP by taking the lead in making sure the community safe. It is believed that if the police demonstrate an interest in the community, they will generate a better response from the community response as the citizens will look at the police more as allies rather than enemies. Below are ways that the police can demonstrate their concern for the community while building trust from the community members. In order for COP to be effective the following partnership tactics must work efficiently: Routine Patrol Routine patrol, whether on foot, car, or horseback, should be part of community outreach strategies to increase police visibility in an effort to reduce fear of crime or as a prevention measure for crime-reduction in a particular hot-spot neighborhood. This will also give the opportunity for the community members and officers to become more familiar with each other and also allow the police to have better insight of the community needs regarding crime deterrence. Information Sharing/Ongoing Communication p94 Community policing advocates for a consistent flow of information between law enforcement and the community, regarding potentially effective solutions to crime and disorder problems and various crime trends and patterns. As a result of sharing information, the police can be more proactive and focused on developing long term solutions to the citizen’s concerns rather than be reactive and wait until they are called to determine how to rectify a known problem Crime Prevention Programs The main objective of community crime prevention is to be proactive and bring awareness to community members/groups that may be a potential target for crime as well as open the lines of communication between the police and the community (Oliver, 2008). In most of the community crime prevention programs, the police facilitate the program, however needs the support of the community to support and participate in the programs in order for the program to be effective and successful. Social control The goal of social control is for the police and community to collaborate and work toward maintaining, enhancing, and restoring social control over the entire community. It is thought that if community members have an attachment or are dedicated to making the community a better and safer place, people would less likely commit a crime than those individuals who are lacking in one or more areas. The above programs should be utilized based on the community members’ needs and their perceptions of the local problems (Oliver, 2008). Whether implemented on their own or with the assistance of the police, the above mentioned programs must be created, implemented, and maintained with the assistance and cooperation of the community in order to remain relevant. In conclusion, Community oriented policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that allows police and community residents to work closely together in new ways to solve the problems of crime, fear of crime, physical and social disorders, and neighborhood deterioration. Community-oriented policing is beneficial not only to the community and the police department but also the police officer (Oliver, 2008). References COPS: Community Oriented Policing Services (nd). Community Policing Defined. Retrieved on February 2, 2014 from http:// www.cops.usdoj.gov Oliver, W. (2008). Community-Oriented Policing. A Systemic Approach to Policing (4th Ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

An analysis of the relationship between the hospitality culture and employees in China :: Business, Organization

According to Adelman et al. (1994); Bitner(1990); King (1985); King and Garey (1997),former research on service management have not considered the influence of culture on provide the service from staff. Tsang (2011) state that hospitality culture were focused on researches in recent years in China. Hospitality culture is not only very important for the hospitality industry, but also very significant for employees. In addition, hospitality culture is involved four factors: materials culture, behaviors culture, spiritual culture and rules culture. The key point of hospitality culture is spiritual culture, because this can determine the value of other cultures in the hospitality organization. Why hospitality culture so significant? There is some evidences to prove that hospitality culture is significant to the hotel organization. The First aspect, hospitality culture can improve the hotel services level and increase the turnover level. Mattila (1999) and Stauss and Mang (1999) argued that the customer estimate the service would depend on hospitality culture.The hotel has strict discipline to manage the staff, and staff must comply with the institutions during their working time. According to Martin and Lundberg(1991), Bennigan's is a America restaurant chain, it created research to find out why consumers did not come to their restaurants. The consequence is that only 15 per cent of consumers did not satisfied with the food, but 67 per cent of the consumers are dissatisfied with the staff's attitude. For instance, customers receive satisfying services, so they will remember these services and want to receive those services again next time. Although this is not enough to evaluate the results of a hotel service, it can make a good impression in customers’ minds. Secondly, it is not easy to fail the hotel have good culture in the strong competition of the hospitality industry. Nowadays, more and more businesses are focusing on hotels, so the hotel industry is face with fierce competition. When hotels have the same level of facilities,and hotel culture is the key point to estimate the hotel services. In addition, hotel culture can improve the position in the same industry. Hospitality culture and employees influence on each other. On the one hand, hospitality culture has some advantages and disadvantages to affect employees. At first, it can promote the skills of employees, because the hospitality lay out to train the employees’ skills. Shames and Glover (1988) claimed that human interaction and communication are involved in service experience as same as a social experience.